with+小節(下) | A Little Grammar Goes a Long Way | 英語研究教室

英語研究室

関西外国語大学教授岡田伸夫が英語文法を考察するコラム

35: with+小節(下)

5. その他の小節
最後に,with以外の前置詞によって導かれる小節の例を見てみましょう。まず,前置詞のwithoutも小節を導くことができます。次の(32)を見てください。

(32)	a.	Stiph's sport coat was draped over his shoulders without [his arms being in the sleeves].--Carkeet (1980)
	b.	Without [anyone noticing], I slipped out of the room.--Quirk et al. (1985)

原因・理由をあげるときに用いるwhat withはいろいろな統語構造を従えることができます(岡田 2000)。次の(33)a, bは名詞句を従える例です。(33)cでは動名詞を従えています。

(33)	a.	"In these times especially, what with [Arthur and all]. People out there are talking about us."--Carkeet (1980)
	b.	He had always had a problem remembering his salary, what with [the way it changed every year].--Carkeet (1991)
	c.	And their mums haven't got time to look after them properly nowadays ― what with [going out to work so much].--Christy (1972)

what withが小節を従えることもあります。次の(34)a-cではwhat withの後ろに小節が来ています。

(34)	a.	What with [it raining all day long], I didn't get a chance to hang the washing out.--Radford (1988)
	b.	The population is down by four since the Stiph thing, what with [parents taking their children out of the program].--Carkeet (1980)
	c.	What with [hijackers about] and kidnapping and all the rest of it, I don't feel really protected anywhere.--Christy (1972)

(34)cではwhat withに続く部分が等位接続されていますが,最初のhijackers about(ハイジャッカーがうろついていて)が小節です。

今日は,例外節と無動詞節を小節と呼び,小節がどのような文脈に現れるかを見てきました。there構文,with,without,what withに続く小節というコンセプトは今まであまりなじみがなかったのではないでしょうか。また,独立分詞構文との違いにも触れました。

REFERENCES

Akmajian, Akmajian (1977) "The Complement Structure of Perception Verbs in an Autonomous Syntax Framework," Formal Syntax, ed. by Peter W. Culicover, Thomas Wasow, and Adrian Akmajian, 427-460, Academic Press, New York.
Akmajian, Adrian, Susan M. Steele, and Thomas Wasow (1979) "The Category AUX in Universal Grammar," Linguistic Inquiry 10, 1-64.
Emonds, Joseph E. (1985) A Unified Theory of Syntactic Categories, Foris, Dordrecht, Holland.
Frank, Marcella (1972) Modern English: A Practical Reference Guide, Prentice-Hall, New York.
Gee, James Paul (1977) "Comments on the Paper by Akmajian," Formal Syntax, ed. by Peter W. Culicover, Thomas Wasow, and Adrian Akmajian, 461-481, Academic Press, New York.
河上道生 (1993)『英語参考書の誤りとその原因をつく』第3版, 大修館書店.
Milsark, G. L. (1977) "Toward an Explanation of Certain Peculiarities of the Existential Construction in English," Linguistic Analysis, 3, 1-29.
Milsark, Gary L. (1979) Existential Sentences in English, Garland Publishing, New York.
岡田伸夫 (2000)『英語の構文150 New Edition』美誠社.
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik (1985) A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, Longman, London.
Radford, Andrew (1988) Transformational Grammar: A First Course, Cambridge University Press, New York.
Stowell, Tim (1978) "What Was There Before There Was There," CLS 14, 458-471.

例文出典
BNC=The British National Corpus.
Caldwell, Erskine (1966) "The Visitor," The Stories of Erskine Caldwell, 521-527, The University of Georgia Press, Athens.
Carkeet, David (1980) Double Negative, Washington Square Press, New York.
Carkeet, David (1991) The Full Catastrophe, Washington Square Press, New York.
Chomsky, Noam (1984) Modular Approaches to the Study of the Mind, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA.
Christy, Agatha (1972) Nemesis, Fontana.
Maruyama, Takao and Jim Knudsen (2000) A Shorter Course in English Jokes, Nan'un-do.
Masfield, Katherine (1990) "The Little Girl," Collected Modern Short Stories: Love & Humor, 62-69, Macmillan LanguageHouse.
Maugham, W. Somerset (1951) Collected Short Stories, Volume 2, Penguin Books.
Maugham, W. Somerset (1963) Collected Short Stories, Volume 1, Penguin Books.
Pease. Barbara and Allan Pease (1999) Why Men Don't Listen & Women Can't Read Maps, Pease Training International.
Rowling, J. K. (2000) "Interview Answers," An Interview with J. K. Rowling, by Lindsey Fraser, 1-35, Mammoth, London.
Swados, Harvey (1991) "The Tree of Life," Growing Up in America, ed. with notes by Soichi Tanabe and Dennis R. Hoerner, 1-15, New Currents International.
Trillin, Calvin (1981) "US Journal: Chicago," The New Yorker, May 25, 1981, 125-129.

A Little Grammer Goes a Long Way
約3年にわたって連載をしてまいりましたが、
今回で最終回となりました。
ご愛読いただきましてありがとうございました。

大阪大学教授岡田伸夫